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Topic Notes · Easy summaries with diagrams
Chapter 25 — Chapter 25 — Biochemistry
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📘Easy summary
Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ. Monosaccharides: glucose (aldohexose, –CHO + 5 –OH; grapes, honey) and fructose (ketohexose, C=O + 5 –OH; fruits, honey) — both C₆H₁₂O₆, isomers. Open chain glucose: CHO–(CHOH)₄–CH₂OH; fructose: CH₂OH–CO–(CHOH)₃–CH₂OH. Disaccharides: sucrose (cane sugar), maltose (malt, germinating grain — glucose+glucose), lactose (milk — glucose+galactose). Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, glycogen. Role: main energy source; cellulose provides dietary fibre.
⭐Key points
- Fructose: hydroxyl + ketone.
🔬Diagram
🌿Real-life example
Lactose in milk.
💡Exam tip
- Draw open chains.
✅Quick check
1. Fructose groups:
2. Polymeric carbohydrate:
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