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Topic Notes · Easy summaries with diagrams
Chapter 22 — Chapter 22 — Hydrocarbons
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📘Easy summary
Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons separated by fractional distillation based on boiling point ranges: crude oil heated to ~400 °C, vapours rise in a fractionating tower, cooling upward; fractions condense at different heights: refinery gas/LPG (＜40 °C), petrol/gasoline (40–75), naphtha, kerosene (jet fuel), diesel, fuel oil (ships, power stations generating electricity), lubricating oil, wax, bitumen/asphalt (road surfacing — not a fuel). As boiling point increases: molecular size, viscosity, density increase; volatility, flammability, ease of ignition decrease; colour darker. Coal destructive distillation gives coke, coal gas, coal tar (benzene, toluene, phenol, naphthalene) and ammoniacal liquor.
⭐Key points
- Asphalt not fuel.
🔬Diagram
🌿Real-life example
CNG = natural gas (methane).
💡Exam tip
- Properties vs b.p.
✅Quick check
1. Fractional distillation based on:
2. Power plants use:
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