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Topic Notes · Easy summaries with diagrams
Chapter 14 — Chapter 14 — States of Matter and Phase Changes
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📘Easy summary
Gas particles are far apart, move randomly in all directions with negligible attractions; pressure is due to collisions with walls; collisions are elastic; average KE ∝ Kelvin temperature and is the same for all gases at the same T. Liquid particles are close, move freely past one another (fixed volume, no fixed shape). Solid particles are held in fixed positions by strong forces and only vibrate. The basic difference among states is the movement of particles. Internal energy = total KE + PE of particles; heating increases it.
⭐Key points
- Gas and liquid molecules show translational, rotational and vibrational motion; solids vibrational only.
🔬Diagram
🌿Real-life example
Gas particles have the maximum energy.
💡Exam tip
- Use particle movement in all explanations.
✅Quick check
1. Strongest attractions:
2. Maximum energy:
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