Chapter 10 — Chapter 10 — Emerging Technologies

AI: the ability of machines/computer systems to perform tasks that normally need human intelligence — learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding. History: Alan Turing's 'Can machines think?' and Turing Test (1950); term coined by John McCarthy at Dartmouth conference (1956); early rule-based/expert systems (1970s–80s), 'AI winters'; machine learning rise (1990s, Deep Blue beat Kasparov 1997); deep learning and big data (2010s); generative AI (ChatGPT, 2020s). Subfields: machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, expert systems. Applications: healthcare (automated diagnosis from X-rays, personalized drugs, remote monitoring), education (personalized tutors, automatic grading), finance (fraud detection), transport (self-driving cars), assistants (Siri, Alexa).