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Chapter 4 — Chapter 4 — Turning Effects of Force

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Topic 1 · pp. 81–84 · Free

Parallel Forces and Adding Forces

Source: Physics 9 (PCTB), Ch 4, pp. 81–84

📘Easy summary

Like parallel forces act in the same direction; unlike parallel forces in opposite directions. The resultant is a single force having the same effect as all forces together. Forces are added by the head-to-tail rule. Two forces 4 N and 3 N give a resultant between 1 N (opposite) and 7 N (same direction); 5 N if perpendicular.

⭐Key points

  • Line of action: line along which a force acts.

🔬Diagram

Parallel forcesLikeUnlikeSame directionOppositeR = F₁ + F₂R = F₁ − F₂Weights on a rodCouple on steering

🌿Real-life example

Perpendicular 3 N and 4 N: R = √(9+16) = 5 N.

💡Exam tip

  • State range for unknown angle.

✅Quick check

1. 4 N and 3 N resultant range:

2. Unlike forces act:

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