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Topic Notes · Easy summaries with diagrams
Chapter 8 — Chapter 8 — Biotechnology
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📘Easy summary
Biotechnology: use of living organisms or their parts to make useful products (bread, medicines, crops). Genetic engineering is a modern technique of biotechnology in which genes are manipulated and transferred from one organism to another, making recombinant DNA (DNA joined from two sources). An organism carrying a foreign gene is a GMO (transgenic). Bacteria are used because they grow quickly and accept human genes; they contain plasmids — small circular extra-chromosomal DNA that replicate independently and act as vectors (viruses can also be vectors).
⭐Key points
- Tools: restriction enzymes (cut) and ligase (join).
🔬Diagram
🌿Real-life example
Human insulin made by E. coli.
💡Exam tip
- Define plasmid and vector.
✅Quick check
1. Vector:
2. Recombinant DNA:
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