Topic 1 · pp. 105–108 · Free
Topic Notes · Easy summaries with diagrams
Chapter 16 — Chapter 16 — Electricity
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📘Easy summary
Current: rate of flow of charge, I = Q/t, unit ampere (1 A = 1 C s⁻¹). Conventional current flows from + to − terminal outside the cell; electrons flow from − to +. DC flows in one direction (cells, batteries); AC reverses direction periodically (mains, 50 Hz in Pakistan). Ammeter: measures current, connected in series, has very low resistance so it does not change the current; a voltmeter in parallel with very high resistance. Wrong connection: ammeter in parallel draws huge current (may burn); voltmeter in series blocks current.
⭐Key points
- I = Q/t
🔬Diagram
🌿Real-life example
25 C in 10 s → 2.5 A.
💡Exam tip
- Ammeter series, voltmeter parallel.
✅Quick check
1. Conventional current:
2. Measures current:
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