Topic 1 · pp. 63–68 · Free
Topic Notes · Easy summaries with diagrams
Chapter 14 — Chapter 14 — Light
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📘Easy summary
Normal: line perpendicular to the surface at point of incidence. Angle of incidence i: between incident ray and normal; angle of reflection r: between reflected ray and normal. Laws: i = r; incident ray, reflected ray and normal lie in one plane. Plane mirror: virtual, upright, same size, laterally inverted. Concave mirror: real inverted images (object beyond F), virtual magnified (object within F) — shaving mirrors, headlights. Convex mirror: always virtual, upright, diminished — rear-view mirrors (wide field). Mirror formula 1/f = 1/u + 1/v (real positive; virtual negative; convex f negative); magnification m = h_i/h_o = v/u.
⭐Key points
- i = r
- 1/f = 1/u + 1/v
🔬Diagram
🌿Real-life example
Convex mirror u = 15, v = −7.5 → f = −15 cm.
💡Exam tip
- Sign convention.
✅Quick check
1. Convex mirror image:
2. Law of reflection:
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